Lessons For Startups From The Indian Demonetisation Drive

Should startups be only learning from startups, or do lessons from all walks of life apply? Well, at least those lessons can't hurt to study. Photo credit: Creative Orange

To many the world over November reminds of ‘No Shave November’, but this time around in India it’s come to be dubbed as ‘No Cash November’. While that’s said to be a short-term affect of a massive demonetisation move initiated by the government, it’s led to a lot of talk. Some hail it, and some trash it.

Whatever side you are on, we think there are a lot of lessons that young entrepreneurs and startups can derive from it. And while the size of the move is mammoth, it’s nature permanent and the force behind it is equally overpowering, here’s what it taught and reminded us about:

Don’t Shy Away, Be Bold

In startup language: Do Epic Shit

While all of us get ideas all the time, we don’t execute all of them. Sometimes we even reject them before giving them some thought. But this move by the government reminds us that no idea should be rejected straight away without much ado. Can you imagine what this idea may have sounded like when first mooted? Could even have been ridiculed, but it still came through and is now being touted as a big bang measure. So don’t shy away and think big and fresh.

But Do Thorough With Research

In startup language: Beta First

The aftermath of the announcement showed that the government was found wanting in quite a few areas – from the recalibration of ATMs to confusion in rural markets – things could have been done differently. Perhaps some more groundwork could have helped, that’s what the imperfect execution suggests. While the government can say the surprise element could not be compromised, startups don’t have that option. That’s where good research and Beta testing really matter. Let them inform your decisions.

Execution Trumps Idea

In startup language: Get Shit Done

Yup, Trump is everywhere. Anyway, while we can take time to try and find loopholes in the move, one must recognise that such a big move really was made. It’s a move that was proposed even two years back and ignored. It’s something that’s been on the table for quite sometime, but being on the table doesn’t always cut it. So while there may be political motivations too, this is a reminder that an idea by itself is nothing unless executed. Have an idea? Then get to work!

Team Work Is Crucial

In startup language: Great Teams Win

There are multiple ways of looking at it. Let’s take these two – the move is a success in terms of how the government, bankers and bureaucrats together are keeping things going while mitigating chances of a mass protest. The other is that it’s a failure with long queues, deaths, and some protests. Either way, this underscores the importance of a team. Ultimately, it’s the team executing the idea and that’s what defines how it performs. So always work on building a strong and diverse team while keeping everyone involved. Internal communication is key too. Can you imagine this move with the Prime Minister not taking the RBI Governor into confidence? It also, in the same breath, underlines the role of a good leader. So take note.

So Is Getting Word Out

In startup language: Buzz & Hustle

Ever since November 8, the day the move was announced, many faces from the government and the party have been out there – speaking at conferences, TV shows, writing articles or even addressing the music concerts. There’ve had ads informing about the scheme in papers and ads praising it on radio. There’s always been buzz around it and that’s what every startup craves. Understand the importance of the various channels of communication and use the well. Move around, hustle because getting things done is important, but conveying that it’s done and that it’s good is equally important.

Capacity Building & Using It

In startup language: Scalability Is Core

Now here’s something that is very different in this case when compared to startups. The state is huge and has at its disposal machinery it can use to take actions at all levels. A startup, however, is not as equipped in terms of physical assets. But both have different assets too. While the state has spent time building that capacity to enact such decisions, a startup has spent time ideating and hustling too. Either way, building those capacities that help you play the long innings must always be a priority because scalability shall always remain crucial to startups. It matters in the long run, like the team.

Seek Expert Opinion

In startup language: Validate The Idea

Some say that the government did not consult enough experts or that it consulted only those it agreed with. Others say many experts were spoken to and suggestions noted. However, names of no venerable economists have been cited to say they were consulted. Whatever the case, this is another reminder that opinion from experts in that space or industry and the immediate users must be sought to try and validate the idea. But then the secrecy of the project and the need for opinion do make for a fine balance to look for. And that’s what you must seek. It’s also important to know who to take opinion from, how to use it and when to stop seeking it because you don’t want too much of it, but only the right kind. Let’s say the jury is still out on this government move and if the idea was or should have been validated.

Don’t Stop Making Corrections

In startup language: Fix Those Bugs

One thing the government has constantly shown ever since the move was announced is that there have been new relief measures coming out everyday. Some days those with weddings in the house had some respite, other days the government said farmers could use old notes to buy seeds. These were cases that were left out in the initial plan and are only being considered now given that grievances caused and inability to suffice them. While many call it confused policy making, there’s one important lesson here for startups – never stop learning, identifying bugs (albeit through the help of a competitor) and fixing them because that’s what will keep the product running and attuned to the market. While we can argue the government should have been more considerate and careful, let’s promise that we’ll be, at least.

Comparative Conversations

Nightmares Of A Dating Platform Co-Founder

A picture from the first event of the Pop Culture Panchayat Series we hosted in New Delhi. Connecting people, does Nokia still hold a copyright to that tagline? Picture Credit: MYOLO

India is growing and it is growing fast. At least that’s the narrative the Indian government wants you to swear by. While I see some of that economic growth happening, I also think the we should look at the growth digits with a pinch of salt. But it’s some non-economic activities and events that tend to throw me back to a Thursday that I’ve never lived.

The Bollywood movie ‘Udta Punjab’ and the drama around its clearance and censor board chief’s medieval whims is one such socio-cultural piece in the larger painting, which to me was open-sourced earlier, but now appears to be more restricted. There are many such examples, people will tell you. Some will also tell you most of these are futile. So it depends who you choose to believe.

Without getting into the argument of why art demands, deserves and needs freedom and why the state is better focusing on poverty alleviation, I want to declare that I write this article as an Indian co-founder at a startup called MYOLO where we are building an online/offline socialising and dating platform.

It’s a platform we are building for the urban Indian man who is as much of a feminist as he is a lover of Virat Kohli’s straight drive. It’s for the young woman who is as much aware about Raghuram Rajan and his refusal of extending his term, as she is aware of the latest maroon lipstick shade from Mac. It’s as much for the queer person who marched at JNU for the Orlando massacre victims as it is for the transgender who practiced yoga who practiced yoga on the International Day of Yoga in Mumbai. It’s for everyone who fits some of these super stereotypes and for everyone who doesn’t. Essentially, it’s for the young independent thinker on the move, for the intelligent Indian.

Dating Platforms and Urban India

See, to us and our startup, the openness of the young Indian mind matters as much as the accommodativeness of society. By accommodative I don’t mean to give society an upper hand, it’s only to indicate the evolutionary nature of it all, among others, the nature of relationships, the mediums of realising it and of course the idea of marriage. And to be honest, while we believe we’ve got our target audience sorted, I think that audience is only growing by the day, especially with exposure to education, information on the Internet and the works of artists, authors and the likes from around the world.

Education is playing a key role. So is economic growth. No, not the forcing of Rana Pratap in Rajasthan history textbooks kind of education, but the kind of liberal education that is coaxing people to question that move. For instance, I think, (while both are welcome) today an article from the Spoilt Modern Indian Woman contributes more to advancing the cause of feminism than a lecture at a school function. Not only that, and you don’t need a genius to know this, with increased economic growth, there’s increased exposure and access to private education, the Internet and books and what not, and that in itself feeds into that cycle of more liberal students coming out as well. See, it’s not because joint families are breaking, but it’s because more families are getting educated too. So while we target higher economic growth, we shouldn’t try to paint and then chain our values. No, the time of Asian values is gone.

While societies are progressing (yes, we can argue about how we define progress), there are social elements that are going primitive too. Just so complex is India; actually the entire world. So many divides. For every stereotype-breaking campaign by a dating app (yes, I think the new Truly Madly AIB video song is great), there are thousands of Bhai fans who cannot see why his “raped woman” comment was wrong. And that’s just the unfortunate disparity of thought in the urban space. The rural has even more shades.

Online dating is perhaps in a need for correction, correction to nudge it back towards keeping things real. Why just stay stuck on messengers when technology can also lead you interesting events? Picture credit: BBC 

Okay, so let’s get to what prompted this post. It was this – this report claiming that the ninth edition of the travellers' guide and scholars' manual released by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) says that Indian women are still conservative, that they don’t really date. This one apparently even goes on to say, “The modern Indian woman is traditional in some ways. She may refuse politely if a man asks her out for a film or an outing. Dating is not common in India.” So what’s the deal? No, I’m not an Indian woman, but I’ve dated one for seven years. And I know now you are judging her and me, but the sourness in that analysis may lower if I tell you we got married after that dating period too.

Forget that though, why that statement? Why should we want to distance ourselves from dating? Even if it were foreign concept, it’s a concept we love and have embraced. It’s empowering to choose your partner. It’s fulfilling to love them. It’s more. Doesn’t even have to be eternal love, it could be a summer fling too where neither party was hurt or cheated. So it’s also nothing we are ashamed of. Meanwhile we should also remember that India is also now home to it’s own take on love hotels with Stay Uncle coming to the rescue of “couples that need a room, not judgment”. A much needed venture. And so, while the ICCR statement isn’t true of urban India, let’s say if it were true. Let’s say most Indian women didn’t date, but then the men do. Nothing saying there that they don’t. So are we saying that most Indian men are gay? Well, yes, I want a government body to acknowledge and embrace homosexuality in India, but don’t do that like a hypocrite now? I want you the state to embrace heterosexuality as much too. In fact, embrace the entire sexual revolution that we are so shy to admit and never talk about.

An Entrepreneur’s Nightmares

While this just squeezes my Indian soul, it also scares me as an entrepreneur. See, dating is core to the platform we are building, and the ICCR says most Indian women don’t date. A government body saying that is always scary. Now let’s connect some dots. Maybe there are none, but that’s how a scared entrepreneur’s mind works. Look at this video and listen to Google’s Eric Schmidt where he says one of the most important things for a company is to know what does the next five years look like. And you don’t even need Schmidt to tell you that, we are always thinking about the sustainability of the business anyway. And to me it all looked promising. More economic activity and more education mean more busy, young professionals looking for friends, love and experiences to share. And that’s a business opportunity.

But then I read that ICCR report. It scared me. Why, well because only a couple of days before reading it I’d read this – the government had just come out with an advisory for matrimonial websites asking them to take identity proofs from all users and to ensure they are not used for dating, but only for marriages. Yes, I’d welcomed that move of ID proofs and tracking the ISP because there’ve been reports of frauds being committed using these sites, that people were duped and cheated via the medium. So, I was happy. Good move. But no dating? Why say they can’t date and they must only be there if they want to marry. A declaration is a little too much now, isn’t it? Is courtship not a thing? Is the government paying for the accounts?

Anyway, so this advisory along with the ICCR report that followed got together to scare me. How do I begin to answer that five-year question then if I fear random government advisories and manuals? Yes, online dating is still a new space and it needs some corrections, perhaps guidance too. Yes, we know safety and privacy are paramount which is why we are working on profile verification and already had an ID upload feature even before the advisory was issued to matrimonial websites, but how do I know the right-slanting government of the Republic of India will not ban dating? What’s even scary is that how do I know that the single-majority government of India will protect entrepreneurs and individuals like me when there’s a violent backlash against dating by fringe elements? We remember the “Shiv Sena terrorising couples in Mumbai”, don’t we? So will the government maintain silence or will it be progressive enough to engage with the community and work on policies, a little like it did with the Startup India plan?

Security in Young Indians

Either way, it’s not in the government that I find a sense of security for now, but in the many individuals we are building this platform for. We don’t know how many people there are, but we know there are many. It’s that young Mumbai thinker that gives me confidence as much as the ziddi party-going Delhi lad who takes the cab back home to avoid drunk driving. Again, to go beyond the stereotyping, essentially every young Indian gives us the courage to keep doing what we’ve started and to take pride in what we are building. That intelligent Indian motivates us! And while they scare away my business nightmares, I sometimes worry about the nightmares of so many others. May be the monsoon will shoo some away and the state others. Meanwhile, thank you Young India.

Do the Panama Papers dwarf the Panama Canal?

The Panama Canal was launched in 1914 and has helped trade grow. But over the last few years, law firm Mossack Fonseca may have helped built another canal via Panama, one that's punctured the global response to shadow financing and tax evasion. This one needs to be plugged. Photo credit: Cnet

Until a few weeks ago, the Panama Canal was the only thing that defined the country for a lot of people, but today people are likely to know more about it – unfortunately not so much about it’s beaches or music, but a lot more about Mossack Fonseca, a law firm based in Panama, and its murky deals. This firm seems to have drawn a lot of inspiration from the canal as it built another kind of a canal through which it helped many rich and powerful people hide money (read tax evasion) and also contributed to and shielded the world of shadow financing. Here’s a game to show how easy they made tax evasion appear. There goes a lot of your not-there-yet soft power Panama!

So, Panama Papers! Why is this important now? Haven’t we known that these activities have been happening? Here are some thoughts on why the leak, the thorough investigation and the timing may well be a game-changer. And here’s more information from the direct source. All put together, it helps deconstruct the (secret) global phenomena of shell companies, tax evasion and war financing and to then publicly construct and prove the links between them.

Proof is Power: Well, yes we have known about the existence of shadow financing, but we’ve never had so much data and information about who these people are, who is helping them and how is the money trail being developed. Knowing something exists and having proof about its existence are two different things, and without the latter, the former cannot translate into sustainable impact. It’s significant because not only does it again blow the lid off on the world of shadow financing and tax evasion, but also because it helps build strong legal cases to nail culprits.

Another Wake-up Call: It’s also another warning that the current domestic and global system are not really working well. It’s a reminder to push for further domestic tax reforms and for greater global collaboration on exchange of related information. It’s a strong nudge towards signing more treaties on tax transparency and enforcing them because the existing institutions for information exchange are caught up in too much of red tape as well. Perhaps, the bureaucracy is what’s adding to the inefficiency. Also, it’s reminder that secrecy is far more valued in monetary terms than transparency – that capitalism tends to side with secrecy until regulated.

Tip of the Iceberg: There’s a graph that’s popular on social media. This is what it looks like.

So clearly, while this revelation is big, we’d do better not to forget that it’s just be the tip of the iceberg. Economist Gabril Zucman estimates that tax losses due to shadow financing and offshore banking and investments total up to be about $200 billion per year, that’s almost four times Panama’s national income. "We may only be scratching the surface then," as Zucman puts it.

It’s an Industry: Another thing the size of the leak – over 2,600 GB of data – confirms is that this isn’t about malpractice by a firm, but it’s about the hidden industry of shadow finance and tax evasion. This is an industry that now, like many others, is global. Technology has made things easier for it and law has just not kept up. It’s an industry that draws large capital too and this makes states also reluctant to take active and immediate steps to block it. Political will is not that easy to garner when it comes to cutting off a serious flow of money. That’s one reason why big states like the US too have not acted as fast on the issue – that’s why Delaware has more registered companies than residents. It thrives on secrecy and the more data that goes public about it, the better. That’s how you beat secrecy, right? Go public with all the information. Of course, validate that information too as you take on the industry. That’s why this investigation by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists in collaboration with so many other publications around the world has taken over eight months. Great work ICIJ! A clear sign that there needs to be planned and collaborative response to the industry.

A Big Link to Peace: There’s been lots of talk about stopping financing to warring sides, terrorist organisations and rogue militant outfits. Well, not all of that has succeeded despite some firms linked to transferring money to major stakeholders in the Syrian conflict for instance being blacklisted. Why? Well the Panama Papers also describe that money trail. It’s all through shadow financing that money gets delivered to these banned, dangerous entities. It’s a big-big link then to peace and to ensuring that you hold power when negotiating peace treaties. With more data going public, more governments can be pressurised to act on those companies and more governments can come together to block these money trails and to dry those treasuries. War is an industry and this is where some of its exchequer is filled. Again, the Panama Papers may provide the missing evidences that can help legally tie the financiers, the middlemen and the final culprits to bring them to justice and to curb organised war and violence.

The Iron is Hot: This may well be one of the most important part about the Panama Papers revelation – its timing. About 15-20 years ago, this may not have created enough noise, but this time perhaps, there’s hope that it can grow into a silent revolution that forces reform. What’s changed? Well, since the late 2000s we’ve never really in totality gotten out of the financial crises. From the US sub-prime collapse to the PIGS economic downturn that’s still on, there’s more economic inequality in the world today, then there was before. But now, we have the Internet as a medium to get information out to people and to mobilise over issues.

This time around, there’s bound to be greater public interest in the revelations because they care – while many are affected by this economic inequality, others are losing patience with not insufficient action against tax evaders. In India there’s the case of Vijay Mallya who’s fled the country and is wanted for not paying loans worth billions. Elsewhere, there’s interest because other big players are involved and black money is a vital issue in all places, especially with elections in the US this year and poll promises of fighting corruption in other countries by national leaders like Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese leader Xi Jinping. They are being pushed to deliver and the boundaries of the discourse are being widened. This time around, we could certainly see some real impact because tax evasion has become a real subject in politics.

That’s why these revelations matter and why the work done by the consortium and other journalists is highly commendable. If there’s a whistleblower involved, well thank you. You’ve all helped deconstruct and publicly construct again the world of shadow financing. It’s a big nudge towards further reform and action, and this time around, with greater public interest, this may well change the balance, bit-by-bit and this Panama Canal may be plugged. But how the others are exposed and handled is another big challenge. 

Imagining nationalism

In the last one month, different incidents and protests at the Jawaharlal Nehru University have provoked us to question the meaning of nationalism all over again. Photo courtesy: The Quint

So far, this word and its interpretation had perhaps been the few words that had instigated and fueled wars across borders, but in February this year, this very word and its interpretation sparked one on the same side of the border. While religion can easily be that word, this time around, however, it was nationalism.

It’s highly improbable that you’ve missed the ‘anti-national’ label that’s been accorded in plenty in the last one month after an incident at a government university in the national capital kicked-off a political war. In case you missed it, here’s a quick fact-checked backgrounder.

But what is nationalism?

Nationalism is not an uncontroversial word. While it is seen as a derivative of the word nation, there are two schools of thought about looking at it. The first, the primordial school of thought takes an evolutionary route and looks at nationalism as the idea that yields the contemporary form of groups or societies that people subscribe to so as to ensure survival; what adds value to the idea of nationalism is that it is thought to be emotional and durable, especially because it draws on a common history, even ancestry.

The second, the so-called modernist idea says nationalism is what is invoked in societies that have a self-sustaining industrial economy and a central authority that can ensure unity while employing certain common or central norms or languages. It essentially looks at it more as an idea used for nation-building. That’s where the idea of ‘imagined communities’ as articulated first by Benedict Anderson comes in for nationalism then is essentially a project that attempts to draw on individual and societal patriotic currents.

So then, did nation come first or nationalism? To me, right now, these interpretations tend to suggest that nation is what nationalism results in and re-enforces. Perhaps one could argue both ways and maybe it is another chicken-egg conundrum.

Does patriotism equal nationalism?

So nationalism wants to draw on patriotism and build further and patriotism by itself may be re-enforced by nationalism, but these related words still represent disparate meanings. While patriotism is a sentiment and has an organic quotient attached to it, nationalism is a introduced idea that builds on an identity. Nationalism requires instruments such as a national anthem or a national day to unify people and to keep on etching the idea of the nation.  

Patriotism is innate and it just grows on its own. If it is not entirely selfless, it is certainly unselfish. Nationalism though may ask for something in return, for it is assumed that the nation-state is also a purveyor of certain essential things. What further adds to this mix is the social contract of citizenship in the post-Westphalian world where sovereignty and self-governance are norms. While sovereignty promises to promise freedom from foreign interference or intervention, citizenship means that for all rights and freedoms promised to the individual, there are a ‘reasonable’ number of directive principles as well. Discussing the validity of these is not the objective of this essay, however, this essay does acknowledge the need for citizenship in the modern world order and the fact that the idea of nationalism (and citizenship) may thus be subject to the central authority.

Multiple realities and the post national

Perhaps, like in most cases, here too a reality exists in a complex overlap of it all, since the primordial seems to have merged with the modernist in an age where the religious, economic and demographic divides are as evident as you have the patience of observing them.

Where an individual like me in an urban setting is drawn to the idea of post-nationalism (not non-nationalism) in the global yet local ever-connected world, there are individuals and families in rural regions who are now beginning to feel the prominence of the nation as they are better connected with other parts of the country and as they emerge out from regional or local shadows.

The university at the backdrop of this particular incident is said to be under a Leftist strong-hold, where as the central Indian government currently tilts to the right. Photo credit: JNU 

It’s also important here to note that how (divided) voices from urban or sub-urban spaces on social media appear to get a shot in the arm from the absence of voices from rural settings on social and mainstream media. Thus, this makes the premise of the any debate (in this case around nationalism) appear smaller than it is. Therefore, while the debate may tend to represent many voices, it still may not represent all voices. We must also note that there are attempts made to label these debates as only being stirred by ‘pseudo-intellectuals’ while adding that the common population is not concerned by it; but that argument must always be treated with serious doubts, for in most instances (especially ones that do not comprise economic factors and immediate security), the common population is too engrossed in the daily act of survival that raising debates may not even cross their mind, and if it does it may come way behind ‘roti, kapda and makaan’ (food, clothes and shelter) in their list of daily priorities. But then again, haven’t polity and politics been spheres the elites (or at least the privileged) have always called the shots?

Getting back, when I use the word post-national, I in no way use it as a argument against nationalism, on the contrary I use it in the context where it may be seen as a probably superlative of nationalism. It to me describes an idea where while the national is very dear to the individual, its relevance has merged with the presence of global or supranational entities like say, the European Union or ASEAN and the deep reach of transnational and multinational organisations. While domestic politics, the contemporary international order that celebrates sovereignty and the uneven spread of education and wealth ensure that the nation-state will remain very relevant, growing global inter-connections, trade pacts and joint efforts also signify that other groupings also acquire greater relevance. Perhaps, a supranational entity like the European Union then could be seen as a primordial evolution of the nation into another bigger grouping that then employs modernist grouping-building techniques. Either way, the significant point to note for the current context is that India thrives in multiple realities and to label them all under a particular kind of nationalism is not only a case of mistaken purpose, but also an unwelcome task. 

The nationalism of a Mini Cooper driving management executive in New Delhi may never be the same as that of a farmer in drought-hit Maharashtra, but then again, neither of those nationalisms may be wrong, and nor their distinct (and perhaps invisible) interpretations and manifestations of it.

Distinctions we must question

So, on a bigger stage when talking about more than one nation, while this debate may also be seen as a burgeoning disagreement between the idea of nationalism and supra-nationalism in the modern age, it definitely must be seen as a rub between the varied ideas within the nation about that idea of nationalism in question. Clearly, it has also grown into one about ‘patents on nationalism’ to freedom of expression. But some more distinctions that will help approach the subject better include:

1. The state is not the same as the government.

2. Nationalism is not the same as patriotism.

3. Order is not the same as justice.

4. Fiction is not the same as facts.

Will this debate end?
‘Imagined communities’ have long existed and will continue to; only the unit of their realisation (or analysis for social scientists) is expected to change with time. And as long as they exist, debates around topics such as what nationalism entails will always continue, for no one can have set of questions to test it. And as long as those debates thrive in peace, India, or any nation-state (or any other grouping) for that matter will be making some form of progress. Until then, it may be better off to establish that while nationalism may cover a similar set of ideals, there may be various exclusive subsets to that which may co-exist in harmony and that to question any of them without valid reason may yield nothing of value. 

Temples in India to the ‘Joy’ of success: Comparing paths to feminism

In the movie Joy, Jennifer Lawrence plays a single mother whose struggles are fueled by the non-recognition of creativity at home and the absence of economic opportunity outside, all subject to the undercurrents of neoliberal individualism that influence her decisions and help her define her road to success. Photo credit: Joy, the movie

There are numerous objectives or quests in life, from individual and societal to national and global, and correspondingly and arguably there are numerous ways of achieving them. With that in mind, this essay focuses on understanding the definition of feminism and the various approaches towards advancing or enforcing it.

The first month of the year highlighted two approaches to the cause of feminism. While one long unfolding incident in the Indian state of Maharashtra saw a group of women frame their argument around the “right to pray” (a socio-political rights approach) in their quest for practicing feminism, the other was a break from tradition in Hollywood to depict lone women in their fight for justice with the release of Joy, a film inspired by the life of Joy Mangano and her struggles as a single mother as she built her own business empire (an economic rights approach).

While it is imperative to underline that individual beliefs, life experiences, immediate needs and larger political social and economic environments prevalent and dominant in the surroundings have a lot to contribute towards their actions, it would be a mistake not to see how both these disparate approaches that sought to achieve different goals fall under the wider umbrella of realising feminism and advancing the cause of gender equality.

While as individuals, one may be subject to limitations in terms of what goal(s) among these (social, political or economic rights) we are able to focus on and correspondingly what road we take in our struggles to achieve them, as societies and larger communities it is essential for us to work towards protecting and ensuring an all-inclusive enforcement of feministic ideals and to perpetually interrogate and adjust the road we take to achieve those goals. Because to realise feminism in all it’s earnest, equality needs to be protected and ensured across all realms (social, political and economic among others). And what road we take to do that may well define how we look at feminism it self.

But who or what defines feminism?

For all further references, it is imperative to define the meaning of feminism as understood and studied by me. Feminism, as its name suggests, was born as the idea of advocacy of women’s rights. But it has grown into a bigger idea today. Today it stands for equal rights for all, across all realms. It’s an all-inclusive understanding and approach towards advocating equality.

However, as the definition of feminism has itself evolved and enlarged to encompass more than women’s rights, it will only be wise to recognise that this definition may further evolve over time. And what will affect this definition or the realisation of these values are not just other socio-political or economic factors, but also the approach we take towards practicing feminism. For the architecture we design, also designs our perspectives. Since the journey is part of the destination, it holds enough power to influence the ride and throw up its own set of challenges. In the words of Professor Nancy Fraser, our critique of sexism may “supply the justification for new forms of inequality and exploitation”.

This temple at Shani Shingnapur, Maharashtra, was the subject of a debate around the equality of rights for women when it comes to praying there. About 1,000 women had together to storm this temple to enforce their rights. Photo credit: The Indian Express

The two approaches

So in the two cases described above, while the parent idea is that of feminism, the goals and approaches to them are part of the subsets of socio-political and economic rights and opportunity respectively.

Social solidarity - The Shani Shingnapur temple issue: In brief, this one’s about a 1,000 women led by Trupti Desai gearing up to storm a temple in Shani Shingnapur, a village in western Maharashtra. At this temple, women were not allowed to set foot on the open platform where the idol is installed. Men, however, could do so, for a fee. Here’s the full story. Though this doesn’t directly concern the subject of this essay, here’s also a take on if we should even care about temple entry, and that even when we do, putting it all under the umbrella of the ‘right to pray’ is not the best thing to do.

So this quest for demanding equal rights stemmed from the discrimination at a place of worship and it took a socio-political approach to enforcing it. Social solidarity, something that has long been a characteristic of the feminism struggle, is what Desai sought in this path to tackle gender discrimination. The recent appointment of women qazis in Jaipur and their resolve to bring in a feminine perspective when it comes to pronouncing judgments is another example of social solidarity being the go to approach to advance feminism.

Neoliberal individualism – Joy, the movie: This one’s a story inspired by the life of Joy Mangano, a single mother entrepreneur whose home-made mop made her a fortune. Here’s more about the movie. So in this case, Joy’s story draws from her fight for freedom and opportunity while struggling with the disappointments of a life curtailed by her modest surroundings, and complicated by the responsibilities of being a single mother of three, a supporting child to her divorced parents and a lone bread-earner.

But this story chalks closer to the path of entrepreneurism, a spirit that’s fostered by the invisible hand, as Joy earnestly grabs or even creates economic opportunities that help her build a huge business and rewrite her circumstances. Her quest for feminism is fueled by the want and need of a better quality of life, and she sees economic equality and opportunity as the road to it and she fights for it. This story also goes a long way to show how the quest for feminism and the path we take to it is also a product of the times we live in. Joy, in the US, is subject to the undercurrents of neoliberal individualism that influence her decisions and actions, and while hers is a story of success, it must also be seen as a success story of capitalism feeding off the ambivalence of feminism.

What road to take: Solidarity or individualism?

On the onset it may not seem to matter, but while in the short-term capitalism demands equality in all respects so as to ensure that the invisible hand thrives, in the long-term unattended (read: unregulated) capitalism also does have a huge tendency to fall prey to corruption and thus advancing itself while reshaping what it feeds off, thereby, in this case perhaps, creating a form of neoliberal feminism.

And while social solidarity may have been the go to approach for feminists, in contemporary times, the lure of this form of solidarity has been dominated by the overarching attraction of individual success stories. It has also been diluted by ideas that exist at the very peripheries of capitalism and feminism and stand for gender equality but can be maneuvered to feed capitalism while advancing feminism in the short-term, and hurting the overall quest for it in the long-term. The “feminist critique of the family wage” and it’s implications is an example where this complexity can be further observed.

So while in Maharashtra socio-political rights and social solidary defined their path for gender equality, in the US that quest was defined by neoliberal individualism for Joy, with each quest being subject to its context.

Perhaps, another characteristic of feminism then, is that while it advocates equality, it recognises that there may not be a particular approach to enforce it and that the quest and the approach may themselves be defined by the times and the context. And while this definition evolves, it may not be in a strict solidarity or in naively taking neoliberal individualism as the approach that feminism may find its best friend, but perhaps in a new form of balance that may reside between these and perhaps others.